Philadelphia Criminal Defense Blog

Zak Goldstein 1/31/22 Zak Goldstein 1/31/22

PA Superior Court: Police Officer May Not Offer Plea to Summary in Felony Case Without District Attorney's Permission

Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak Goldstein — Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire

The Pennsylvania Superior Court has decided the case of Commonwealth v. Martinez-Santiago, holding that a plea deal that was negotiated between a police officer and a defendant at the preliminary hearing was invalid due to the officer’s failure to obtain the consent of the district attorney prior to entering into the agreement. This decision is concerning because in counties outside of Philadelphia, defendants and police officers will often negotiate plea deals at the preliminary hearing. This decision holds that the respective district attorney’s offices do not have to honor those plea agreements and can proceed to re-arrest these defendants if the agreement is not to their liking. The defendant in this case thought his felony charges had been resolved with a plea to summaries, but the district attorney was able to reinstate the felony charges despite the fact that the arresting officer and the defendant had resolved the case at the preliminary hearing.

Commonwealth v. Martinez-Santiago

The defendant was arrested by a Pittston Township Police Officer after he allegedly stole a pack of cigarettes from a gas station and physically assaulted the responding officers when he was confronted by them. The defendant was originally charged with two counts of aggravated assault (graded as a felony of the first degree), one count of resisting arrest (graded as a misdemeanor of the second degree), two counts of simple assault (graded as a misdemeanor of the second degree), one count of disorderly conduct (graded as a misdemeanor of the third-degree), and one summary count of retail theft.

About a month after he was arrested, the defendant was scheduled for his preliminary hearing. At his preliminary hearing, the defendant negotiated a plea agreement with one of the officers involved. Specifically, the defendant agreed to withdraw all the charges against the defendant, with the exception of the retail theft charge, and then add two counts disorderly conduct which were graded as summary offenses. Notably, this agreement was not in writing. The defendant immediately agreed to the deal and then was sentenced in front of the Magisterial District Judge.

About a month after the defendant entered into this plea deal, the Commonwealth re-filed the original charges against the defendant. A preliminary hearing was held and the same Magisterial District Judge who accepted the plea held the charges. The case was transferred to the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County for trial. After his case was held for court, the defendant filed a motion to dismiss the re-filed charges. Specifically, the defendant argued that the proceedings were being held in violation of the compulsory joinder pursuant to Pa. C.S. § 110(a)(1) and that they violated the double jeopardy clauses of the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions. The trial court denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss, but the court also concluded his motion was “not frivolous.” The defendant then filed a timely notice of appeal.

On appeal, the defendant argued that the officer was authorized to withdraw the felony and misdemeanor charges without obtaining approval of the District Attorney’s office. The defendant argued that Rule 551 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure gives the officer authority to withdraw charges. Therefore, in the instant case, the officer was the Commonwealth’s “designee” and therefore was acting under the color of his authority when he sua sponte negotiated and implemented the plea agreement.

What is Rule 551 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure?

Rule 551 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure states: “In any court case pending before an issuing authority, the attorney for the Commonwealth, or his or her designee, may withdraw one or more of the charges. The withdrawal shall be in writing.”

The Pennsylvania Superior Court’s Decision

The Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed the trial court’s order. The Superior Court rejected the defendant’s argument that the officer was an official “designee” of the Commonwealth. The Superior Court held that “a police officer does not become a designee simply by virtue of his mere presence at a proceeding.” According to the Superior Court, there must be “some documentation or corroboration…to establish the existence of such a delegation of authority by the Commonwealth to a [police] officer.” Additionally, the Superior Court held that this plea agreement was not valid under Rule 551 because it was not done in writing as required by the statute. Therefore, because of a lack of corroborating lack of documentation, the defendant’s plea agreement was “unsuccessful and legally insufficient.” Finally, the Superior Court held that the Magisterial District Judge did not have jurisdiction to transform the preliminary hearing into a guilty plea hearing because the felony and misdemeanor charges against the defendant “were never legitimately withdrawn” because the court did not have “proper authorization or documentation.” As such, the defendant will have to face trial on the previously withdrawn felony and misdemeanor charges.

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If you are facing criminal charges or under investigation by the police, we can help. We have successfully defended thousands of clients against criminal charges in courts throughout Pennsylvania and New Jersey. We have successfully obtained full acquittals in cases involving charges such as Conspiracy, Aggravated Assault, Rape, and Murder. Our award-winning Philadelphia criminal defense lawyers offer a free criminal defense strategy session to any potential client. Call 267-225-2545 to speak with an experienced and understanding defense attorney today.

Zak Goldstein 1/11/22 Zak Goldstein 1/11/22

PA Superior Court: Hearsay Alone Insufficient at Preliminary Hearing to Prove Defendant in Particular Committed Crime

Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire

The Pennsylvania Superior Court has decided the case of Commonwealth v. Harris, holding that the Commonwealth must present admissible non-hearsay evidence at a preliminary hearing to establish that a crime was committed and that the defendant was the actual person who committed the crime. It it is not enough to present some live testimony to show that a crime was committed and then use hearsay to show that the defendant committed the crime. Instead, some live, admissible testimony or evidence must be presented to show that it was the defendant who actually committed the crimes charged. This is an important decision which further recognizes the fact that the preliminary hearing is one of the only safeguards against prolonged detention prior to trial in a case where the Commonwealth has little or no competent evidence.

Commonwealth v. Harris

A Philadelphia Police Officer received a radio call for a gunshot victim in Philadelphia. When he arrived, the officer found the complainant bleeding from gunshot wounds to his right wrists and left thigh. The complainant was then taken to a nearby hospital. A short time later, a Philadelphia Detective obtained a statement from the complainant about what happened. The complainant stated that the defendant and his brother confronted him about stealing drugs from them. During the confrontation, both men pulled out guns and began firing, striking the complainant as he ran away. Based on this information, the detective then went to the crime scene and found multiple projectiles and fired cartridge casings. The detective then returned to the hospital with photographs of the defendant and his brother and the complainant identified them as the men who shot him.

For unknown reasons, the Commonwealth waited two years before finally filing its criminal complaint against the defendant. The defendant was arrested and charged with attempted murder, aggravated assault, VUFA offenses, and other related offenses. The complainant would not attend the defendant’s preliminary hearings. As such, the Commonwealth called the detective who testified to the above stated facts. The defense attorney objected to this testimony at his preliminary hearing because it was hearsay evidence. The defendant was then held for court on all charges. After the defendant’s preliminary hearing was decided, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court issued its decision in Commonwealth v. McCelland, which held that the Commonwealth cannot rely on hearsay alone to establish a prima facie case at a preliminary hearing. The defendant then filed a motion to quash the charges against him and the trial court granted his motion.

The Commonwealth then filed an appeal. On appeal, the Commonwealth argued that McCelland was not applicable to the defendant’s case because it had presented other non-hearsay evidence at the preliminary hearing. According to the Commonwealth, so long as the prosecution presents some direct evidence for one element of a charged offense, then it is allowed to rely on hearsay alone for the other elements of the crime, including the identification of the defendant. The Commonwealth argued that Rule 542 (E) of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure permits this.

The Pennsylvania Superior Court’s Decision

The Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed the trial court’s order quashing the charges against the defendant. First, the Superior Court stated that the preliminary hearing is not a formality and that its purpose is to “prevent a person from being imprisoned or required to enter bail for a crime...for a crime which there is no evidence of the defendant’s connection.” In making its decision on the Commonwealth’s appeal, the Superior Court analyzed both the relevant statutes and prior case law addressing these issues. First, the Superior Court looked at Rule 542 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure which states that at a preliminary hearing, the court must determine whether there is a prima facie case that an offense has been committed and that the defendant has committed it.

Based on these principles, Superior Court held that at the preliminary hearing the Commonwealth must present admissible non-hearsay evidence to establish both whether there is a prima facie case that a crime was committed and that the defendant committed said crime. In other words, the Commonwealth must present admissible non-hearsay evidence to establish the elements of the crime and that the defendant was the perpetrator of said crime. Additionally, the Superior Court rejected the Commonwealth’s argument that it can establish any element of the charges offenses with hearsay once it adduces non-hearsay evidence as to any element of the crime. The Superior Court opined that hearsay evidence is admissible, but it must be used to either corroborate direct evidence regarding an element of the crime or crimes charged or evidence that has to do with “the value of the property for grading purposes, lab reports and such [that] can be introduced because they do not materially affect the defendant’s due process rights.” Therefore, the trial court’s order to quash the charges against the defendant is granted, and the Commonwealth will have to rearrest him and present admissible non-hearsay evidence at his trial if they wish to proceed with the case against him.

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Zak Goldstein 1/6/22 Zak Goldstein 1/6/22

PA Supreme Court: Prosecutors Must Introduce Real Evidence of Dangerousness to Revoke Bail

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has decided the case of Commonwealth v. Talley, holding that prosecutors must introduce real evidence that a defendant is a danger to the community and no conditions of release can prevent that danger in order to revoke bail. This situation frequently comes up where a defendant has been held in custody on cash bail for 180 days. Once that happens, the defense may file a motion for nominal bail pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 600(B). Pursuant to 600(B), a defendant may not be held in custody for more than 180 days (with exceptions for periods of time where the defense caused the continuance) without a trial. If 180 days pass from the date of arrest, then the defendant should be released on nominal bail. In response, prosecutors frequently move to revoke bail, arguing either that the defendant is too big of a flight risk to release or that the defendant is so dangerous that he or she should not be released. Courts often grant these motions based solely on the prosecutor’s hearsay representations regarding the strength of their case and a defendant’s criminal history, and the Supreme Court has now ruled that such a procedure is not constitutional.

The Facts of Talley

The defendant was arrested and charged with aggravated assault, stalking, harassment, and related charges. Police alleged that he had sent threatening messages to his ex-girlfriend via social media and also shot a bullet into the wall of her house. This behavior went on for a while, and police eventually arrested Talley for these charges. The specifics of the charges are not particularly relevant to the issue in the appeal other than the fact that the charges involved violent crimes.

The defendant was initially released on bail. While he was in custody, the threatening messages had stopped. Once he was released, the complainant began to receive them again. The police arrested the defendant again, and his bail was increased. He was not able to afford the new bail, and he was held in custody.

After the Commonwealth held the defendant in custody for more than 180 days, he filed a motion for release on nominal bail pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 600(B). 600(B) permits a defendant to petition for nominal bail after they have been held for more than 180 days through no fault of their own. The individual should generally be released at that point, often on house arrest. In response, however, the Commonwealth usually files to revoke the defendant’s bail, arguing that “no condition or combination of conditions other than imprisonment will reasonably assure the safety of any person and the community when the proof is evident or presumption great.”

The trial court waited four months to hear the motion but eventually held a hearing on it. At the hearing, the Commonwealth simply argued that based on the facts of the case as described in the affidavit of probable cause, the defendant was a risk to the complainant and the community and that he should be held in custody. The Commonwealth also insisted that the defendant could not be released on house arrest without explaining any particular justification for that assertion. The court then denied the defendant’s motion.

The Supreme Court Appeal

The Supreme Court ultimately accepted the defendant’s appeal in order to clarify what type of evidence and how much evidence the Commonwealth must present at a hearing on a motion to revoke a defendant’s bail completely. While hearsay is generally allowed at bail hearings, the motion to revoke bail is different because all defendant’s other than those facing a life sentence for a first degree murder charge are entitled to bail. Therefore, the Commonwealth has to prove that the defendant is actually a risk to the community.

In the past, most judges have allowed the Commonwealth to simply make argument. In other words, the prosecutor will generally describe the allegations, claim that the evidence is very strong, and tell the court about any prior convictions that the defendant has. If the defendant has no record, most judges will grant the motion for nominal bail and release a defendant on house arrest. But where a defendant has a criminal record, many judges will revoke bail at the Commonwealth’s request without conducting any significant review of either the evidence of dangerousness or the strength of the evidence in the case.

The Supreme Court clearly rejected this procedure and held that the Commonwealth must show more than a mere prima facie showing that the defendant has committed the crimes charged. Thus, the fact that the defendant has been held for court following a preliminary hearing or that an arrest warrant was issued is not enough. At the same time, the Pennsylvania Constitution does not require the Commonwealth to introduce proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Instead, the Commonwealth must present a substantial quality of legally competent evidence, meaning evidence that is admissible under the Rules of Evidence, to show the trial court that the defendant should not be released. The Commonwealth may not simply describe the evidence, provide the trial court with hearsay, or rely upon a cold record or untested assertions alone. The Commonwealth must call actual witnesses and present real evidence to show that it is substantially more likely than not that the accused should not be released because the accused is too dangerous to be released.

The Court emphasized that this is a high evidentiary standard that applies only to a motion to revoke bail. It does not apply to a general motion to raise bail. Further, the Court should strongly consider release conditions that can ensure the safety of the community such as regular check ins with pre-trial services, house arrest, electronic monitoring, and things of that nature. The practice of simply asserting that the defendant committed a serious crime and so should be held without bail is no longer acceptable.

Ultimately, this opinion should result in far fewer defendants being held without bail simply because they asserted their speedy trial rights under Rule 600(B). The Court has added some real teeth to the rule by significantly increasing the burden that the Commonwealth must meet in order to hold someone without bail when they are not charged with murder. Most defendants should now not be held without bail even where they are charged with serious crimes if they do not have a history of committing crimes while released on bail or have never been placed on house arrest before. Thus, courts throughout the Commonwealth will now be required to mores strictly enforce the speedy trial guarantee of Rule 600(B). This is a great decision as many defendants are held without bail for years while awaiting trial while ostensibly presumed innocent. Now the presumption of innocence should have more meaning in Pennsylvania.

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Goldstein Mehta LLC Criminal Defense Lawyers

Zak Goldstein 1/1/22 Zak Goldstein 1/1/22

PA Superior Court: Presence in “High Crime Area” Not Legally Sufficient to Stop Individual

Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire

The Pennsylvania Superior Court has decided the case of Commonwealth v. Singletary, holding that the police unlawfully seized the defendant given that they seized him solely because he was in a high-crime area. This decision is significant because it reaffirms a long-standing rule that the police cannot stop and seize an individual solely because he is in a “high crime area” without evidence that the person is actually engaged in criminal activity. Police will frequently use a person’s presence in a “high crime area” to try to justify a stop and seizure of a defendant. Although being in a “high crime area” still remains one factor that police can consider in deciding to stop someone, it cannot be the sole reason for a stop, and Singletary reaffirms this principle.

Commonwealth v. Singletary

A Chester City police officer was responding to a nuisance call. This area was known for its on-going illicit drug activity. When the officer arrived on scene, he observed a large group of individuals who began to disperse upon his arrival. The officer then parked his vehicle and exited it. He told the remaining individuals that loitering was not permitted in the area.

The officer then observed a Mercedes SUV, which was not running, parked in a legal parking spot on the opposite side of the street from where the officer had parked his car. The SUV had two individuals inside it, one of them being the defendant who was sitting in the front passenger seat and the other individual who was in the driver’s seat. The officer then approached the driver’s side of the vehicle and requested identification from the two men. The driver gave the officer his passport, while the defendant gave him his photo ID. The officer then radioed the information in and determined that the driver had a suspended license and that the vehicle did not have insurance. Neither the defendant nor the driver owned the vehicle. The officer also determined that neither of the men had outstanding arrest warrants.

The officer observed an empty pill bottle on the driver’s lap. Another officer arrived shortly thereafter and then went to the passenger side of the vehicle. Soon after, the officers had the defendant and the driver exit the vehicle. As the defendant was exiting the vehicle, the officers heard a hard metal object hit the ground, at which point the defendant began to run from the officers. One of the officers gave chase but did not apprehend him at that time. The officers found a firearm with an obliterated serial number from the location where they heard the sound of a metal object striking the ground. Later that day, the defendant was located. He was arrested and charged with firearms not to be carried without a license, altered or obliterated mark of identification, flight to avoid apprehension or trial or punishment, recklessly endangering another person, and disorderly conduct.

The defendant filed a motion to suppress. At the suppression hearing, the police testified to the above facts, and there was also a stipulation that one of the officers would also have testified that she saw the handgun fall from the defendant’s lap as he got out of the car before he took off running. At the conclusion of the hearing, the suppression court granted the defendant’s motion to suppress. The suppression court held that the officers had illegally seized the defendant for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. Specifically, the suppression court held that the initial encounter between the officer and the defendant was a mere encounter. However, when the officers asked the defendant to exit the vehicle it evolved into an investigative detention and a reasonable person would not have felt that were free to leave. However, this detention was not legally justified because it did not derive from a traffic stop or any unlawful or suspicious activity. The suppression court concluded that the defendant had been seized solely because he was in a “high crime area,” and this was not legally sufficient to justify the officers’ seizure of him.

The Commonwealth then filed a timely appeal. On appeal, the Commonwealth raised two issues: 1) that the suppression court erred when it concluded that the officers lacked legal authority to order the defendant to exit the vehicle and 2) that the initial interaction between the officers was a mere encounter that evolved into a lawful legal stop that was supported by reasonable suspicion and probable cause.

The Pennsylvania Superior Court’s Decision

The Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed the trial court’s order granting the defendant’s motion to suppress. The Superior Court agreed that the initial encounter between the defendant and the police was a mere encounter. However, this stop then evolved into an unlawful detention. The Superior Court highlighted the fact that the officers stood on each side of the vehicle and that they requested that the defendant and the driver leave the vehicle (while their identifications remained in police possession). According to the Superior Court, this “restrained [the defendant’s] liberty of movement.” Further, the act of ordering them out of the vehicle (despite not having any outstanding warrants), would signal to a reasonable person that they were not free to leave.

Further, the Superior Court found that the officers lacked reasonable suspicion to conclude that the defendant was involved any criminal activity. The mere fact that the defendant was in an area with an on-going open-air drug dealing problem was not enough to conclude that the defendant was involved in said activity. As such, the Superior Court agreed with the suppression court that the defendant had been unlawfully seized, and therefore, the Commonwealth will not be able to use the gun against him at his trial.