Philadelphia Criminal Defense Blog

Zak Goldstein 10/8/24 Zak Goldstein 10/8/24

Attorney Goldstein Wins New Trial For Client Who Served 18 Years for Wrongful Attempted Murder Conviction

Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak Goldstein — Philadelphia Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire

Philadelphia criminal defense lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire, recently won a new trial for a client who served 18 years for a wrongful conviction for attempted murder. In 2006, the client, R.C., was arrested and charged along with three others for participating in shooting at an alleged rival from the neighborhood. The shots missed and struck a young child, seriously injuring him. R.C. and his co-defendants were charged with various counts of attempted murder and firearms offenses. The entire case depended on the testimony of one eyewitness who repeatedly told significantly different versions of the events. All four defendants proceeded by way of jury trial, and the jury convicted three of them. One of the four was acquitted by the Philadelphia jury.

About eight years later, one of the co-defendants filed and litigated a successful Post-Conviction Relief Act Petition alleging that his trial lawyer provided the ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to adequately prove that he could not have done the shooting because he was on video at the Gallery at the time of the shooting. The trial lawyer had introduced some of the video evidence at trial, but the trial lawyer had not obtained phone location data and receipts which further corroborated that that co-defendant could not have been there because he was in fact shopping miles away during the incident. The trial judge was eventually required by the Superior Court to grant that defendant a new trial, and the Commonwealth elected not to proceed with re-trying him.

Unfortunately, the co-defendant’s successful alibi exoneration did not result in any relief for R.C. or the other co-defendant who remains in custody. Fortunately, re-investigation of the case led to two leads in R.C.’s attempt to obtain justice. First, a review of the police file revealed the existence of a handwritten note which showed that police had five suspects from the beginning rather than the four that the sole eyewitness testified to. Further, the handwritten note actually had writing on it which suggested that R.C. never even fired a gun. This note was never provided to the defense. Second, the main eyewitness agreed to speak with an investigator, and she recanted her testimony. She ultimately said that she suspected R.C. may have been out there and part of the shooting because the fourth shooter wore all black, which R.C. was known to do, and had a similar build, but she was not sure that she had actually seen his face. Instead, she asserted that her husband had convinced her to say that it was R.C. who did the shooting even though she was not 100% sure that he was involved.

Armed with this new evidence, Attorney Goldstein filed a Post-Conviction Relief Act Petition alleging that the Commonwealth committed a Brady violation by failing to disclose the note to the defense and that the recantation qualified as after discovered evidence which required a new trial. The PCRA court conducted a full day evidentiary hearing to hear from various witnesses from the defense and the Commonwealth. The judge found the recanting witness credible and after 18 years, finally granted R.C. a new trial.

Facing criminal charges or appealing a criminal case in Pennsylvania?

Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire

If you are facing criminal charges or under investigation by the police, we can help. We have successfully defended thousands of clients against criminal charges in courts throughout Pennsylvania and New Jersey. We have successfully obtained full acquittals and dismissals in cases involving charges such as Conspiracy, Aggravated Assault, Rape, Violations of the Uniform Firearms Act, and First-Degree Murder. We have also won criminal appeals and PCRAs in state and federal court, including the successful direct appeal of a first-degree murder conviction and the exoneration of a client who spent 33 years in prison for a murder he did not commit. Our award-winning Philadelphia criminal defense lawyers offer a free criminal defense strategy session to any potential client. Call 267-225-2545 to speak with an experienced and understanding defense attorney today.

Zak Goldstein 8/21/24 Zak Goldstein 8/21/24

Attorney Goldstein Wins Sentencing Appeal in Corrupt Organizations Case

Philadelphia criminal defense attorney Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire, recently won a sentencing appeal for a client in the case of Commonwealth v. S.G. In S.G., the defendant was convicted at trial in the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas of corrupt organizations, conspiracy to commit corrupt organizations, washing vehicle titles, and related charges for an alleged car title washing scheme. The trial court sentenced him to consecutive sentences on the corrupt organizations and conspiracy to commit corrupt organizations charges.

S.G. retained Attorney Goldstein for his appeal to the Pennsylvania Superior Court. Attorney Goldstein filed post-sentence motions and eventually an appeal. On appeal, Attorney Goldstein challenged whether the trial court could properly sentence S.G. to consecutive time on the conspiracy and corrupt organizations charges because S.G. had been convicted of the subsection of corrupt organizations that specifically requires participation in a conspiracy.

The corrupt organizations statute, 18 Pa.C.S. § 911, provides:

(b) Prohibited activities.--
(1) It shall be unlawful for any person who has received any income derived, directly or indirectly, from a pattern of racketeering activity in which such person participated as a principal, to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such income, or the proceeds of such income, in the acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or operation of, any enterprise: Provided, however, That a purchase of securities on the open market for purposes of investment, and without the intention of controlling or participating in the control of the issuer, or of assisting another to do so, shall not be unlawful under this subsection if the securities of the issue held by the purchaser, the members of his immediate family, and his or their accomplices in any pattern of racketeering activity after such purchase, do not amount in the aggregate to 1% of the outstanding securities of any one class, and do not confer, either in law or in fact, the power to elect one or more directors of the issuer: Provided, further, That if, in any proceeding involving an alleged investment in violation of this subsection, it is established that over half of the defendant's aggregate income for a period of two or more years immediately preceding such investment was derived from a pattern of racketeering activity, a rebuttable presumption shall arise that such investment included income derived from such pattern of racketeering activity.
(2) It shall be unlawful for any person through a pattern of racketeering activity to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise.
(3) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise's affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity.
(4) It shall be unlawful for any person to conspire to violate any of the provisions of paragraphs (1), (2) or (3) of this subsection.

S.G. was convicted of subsection 4, which specifically makes it illegal to conspire to violate any of the other provisions.

At the same time, the conspiracy statute, 18 Pa.C.S. § 903, makes the following conduct illegal:

(a) Definition of conspiracy.--A person is guilty of conspiracy with another person or persons to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its commission he:
(1) agrees with such other person or persons that they or one or more of them will engage in conduct which constitutes such crime or an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime; or
(2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the planning or commission of such crime or of an attempt or solicitation to commit such crime.

Here, the trial court sentenced S.G. to consecutive time on both conspiracy to commit corrupt organizations and corrupt organizations - conspiracy. Attorney Goldstein argued that such a sentence was illegal because the two offenses merged for sentencing purposes.

When do offenses merge for sentencing?

The Superior Court agreed with the defense’s merger argument on appeal. It recognized that under § 9765 of the sentencing code,

No crimes shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the crimes arise from a single criminal act and all of the statutory elements of one offense are included in the statutory elements of the other offense. Where crimes merge for sentencing purposes, the court may sentence the defendant only on the higher graded offense.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9765

The Superior Court’s Ruling

In order to impose consecutive sentences, a sentencing court must find either that each statute contains an element that the other does not or that there was more than one criminal act involved in the violations of the statutes. In this case, conspiracy and corrupt organizations - conspiracy involve the exact same elements. That is, they both require an agreement to violate sections 1 - 3 of the corrupt organizations statute. Further, the Commonwealth introduced no evidence that S.G. entered into more than one conspiracy. Accordingly, the Superior Court found that the convictions should have merged for sentencing purposes, making it illegal for the court to impose consecutive sentences.

The Superior Court remanded the case for a new sentencing hearing in the Court of Common Pleas. Attorney Goldstein represented S.G. at the new sentencing hearing and obtained a reduced sentence which made him immediately eligible for parole.

Facing criminal charges or appealing a criminal case in Pennsylvania?

Zak Goldstein 7/19/24 Zak Goldstein 7/19/24

Attorney Goldstein again selected to Superlawyers Rising Stars list

Philadelphia Criminal Defense Lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire

Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire, has been selected to the 2024 Pennsylvania Superlawyers Rising Stars list. Each year, no more than 2.5 percent of the lawyers in the state are selected by the research team at Super Lawyers to receive this honor. Super Lawyers, part of Thomson Reuters, is a rating service of outstanding lawyers from more than 70 practice areas who have attained a high degree of peer recognition and professional achievement. The annual selections are made using a patented multiphase process that includes a statewide survey of lawyers, an independent research evaluation of candidates and peer reviews by practice area. The result is a credible, comprehensive and diverse listing of exceptional attorneys. The Super Lawyers lists are published nationwide in Super Lawyers magazines and in leading city and regional magazines and newspapers across the country. Super Lawyers magazines also feature editorial profiles of attorneys who embody excellence in the practice of law. For more information about Super Lawyers, visit SuperLawyers.com.

Read Attorney Goldstein’s Profile on Superlawyers.com

Zak Goldstein 6/25/24 Zak Goldstein 6/25/24

Speedy Trial Motion Granted in Sexual Assault Case

Philadelphia Criminal Defense Attorney Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire

Philadelphia criminal defense lawyer Zak T. Goldstein, Esquire recently won a speedy trial motion to dismiss all charges in a sexual assault case. In Commonwealth v. VK, the client was charged with rape, involuntary deviate sexual intercourse and related charges after the complainant reported that the client had assaulted her years earlier. The complainant did not disclose the alleged abuse for about a decade.

The complainant made a police report, and a detective then obtained an arrest warrant and put the arrest warrant in the system. The detective then did essentially nothing to arrest the client. By then, he had moved to another state. The client was eventually arrested by police in the other state during a random encounter more than two years later and extradited to Philadelphia. Upon his arrival in Philadelphia, he retained Attorney Goldstein. Attorney Goldstein successfully argued for a reasonable bail at preliminary arraignment.

The charges were held for court at the preliminary hearing. Once the case reached the Court of Common Pleas and motions could be filed, Attorney Goldstein immediately filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 600(a) of the rules of criminal procedure. In the motion, Attorney Goldstein argued that the charges should be dismissed because the Commonwealth failed to bring the client to trial within 365 days as required by the rule.

Under the rules, the one year deadline for bringing a defendant to trial begins to run on the date on which the complaint is filed. Accordingly, the time during which a defendant has charges filed against them and a complaint pending counts for purposes of the rule unless the Commonwealth exercises due diligence in attempting to locate the defendant but is unable to do so. For example, if a defendant is being held in custody in another state and the other state refuses to extradite the defendant despite the Commonwealth’s attempts to obtain extradition, then the time might not count. Or, if the police conduct records checks and attempt to locate the defendant but are unable to do so despite giving it a good effort, then the time may not count.

Here, the detective who filed the charges testified at a hearing on the motion that he made a couple of phone calls to phone numbers he could not remember when he first filed the charges. He did not call authorities in the other state, he did not have anyone check the addresses in those states, he did not check social media, and he did not ask federal marshals to look for the defendant. Accordingly, Attorney Goldstein argued that the police and prosecutors had failed to exercise due diligence for more than a year from the filing of the complaint.

Ultimately, the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas judge agreed. The trial judge dismissed all of the charges, and the record can now be expunged. The appellate courts have increasingly enforced the speedy trial rules in Pennsylvania over the last few years. Filing criminal charges against someone is a serious thing, and the Commonwealth is not allowed to just leave cases sitting for years without taking real steps to move the cases forward. Here, the police did nothing to locate and extradite the client despite knowing where he was. This led to pending charges sitting against the client for years. That is exactly what Rule 600 prohibits. Accordingly, the judge dismissed the case.

What is Rule 600?

Rule 600 is Pennsylvania’s speedy trial rule. It applies to felony cases in Philadelphia. Municipal Court misdemeanor cases have a different rule (Rule 1013). Under Rule 600(a), the Commonwealth generally must bring the defendant to trial within 365 days of the filing of the complaint. There are lots of exceptions - defense continuances, continuances due to the court’s schedule, and continuances where the Commonwealth acted with due diligence but could not move forward due to circumstances outside of their control all may not count words the 365 days. But in general, if the case is delayed because the Commonwealth is not ready to proceed without a very good excuse, the time counts against the Commonwealth. Obtaining dismissal under the rule requires filing a written motion in the Court of Common Pleas.

Under Rule 600(b), a defendant in custody because they cannot afford bail may only be held for 180 days before they should be released on nominal bail (usually with house arrest). Again, there are exceptions for defense continuances, but they are more limited. Additionally, the Commonwealth usually responds to a 600(b) speedy trial bail motion by moving to revoke the defendant’s bail. In that case, the trial judge will have to make a determination as to whether the defendant is such a flight risk or danger to the community that bail should be revoked. In less serious cases, the defendant will almost always be released. In more serious cases such as shootings and rapes, this becomes a bigger issue.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has repeatedly instructed the trial courts to follow the rule and enforce it more reliably over the last few years, and courts have begun to do so. Here, the trial court followed the rule and dismissed the charges.