The Pennsylvania Superior Court has decided the case of Commonwealth v. Singletary, holding that the police unlawfully seized the defendant given that they seized him solely because he was in a high-crime area. This decision is significant because it reaffirms a long-standing rule that the police cannot stop and seize an individual solely because he is in a “high crime area” without evidence that the person is actually engaged in criminal activity. Police will frequently use a person’s presence in a “high crime area” to try to justify a stop and seizure of a defendant. Although being in a “high crime area” still remains one factor that police can consider in deciding to stop someone, it cannot be the sole reason for a stop, and Singletary reaffirms this principle.  

Commonwealth v. Singletary

A Chester City police officer was responding to a nuisance call. This area was known for its on-going illicit drug activity. When the officer arrived on scene, he observed a large group of individuals who began to disperse upon his arrival. The officer then parked his vehicle and exited it. He told the remaining individuals that loitering was not permitted in the area.

The officer then observed a Mercedes SUV, which was not running, parked in a legal parking spot on the opposite side of the street from where the officer had parked his car. The SUV had two individuals inside it, one of them being the defendant who was sitting in the front passenger seat and the other individual who was in the driver’s seat. The officer then approached the driver’s side of the vehicle and requested identification from the two men. The driver gave the officer his passport, while the defendant gave him his photo ID. The officer then radioed the information in and determined that the driver had a suspended license and that the vehicle did not have insurance. Neither the defendant nor the driver owned the vehicle. The officer also determined that neither of the men had outstanding arrest warrants. 

The officer observed an empty pill bottle on the driver’s lap. Another officer arrived shortly thereafter and then went to the passenger side of the vehicle. Soon after, the officers had the defendant and the driver exit the vehicle. As the defendant was exiting the vehicle, the officers heard a hard metal object hit the ground, at which point the defendant began to run from the officers. One of the officers gave chase but did not apprehend him at that time. The officers found a firearm with an obliterated serial number from the location where they heard the sound of a metal object striking the ground. Later that day, the defendant was located. He was arrested and charged with firearms not to be carried without a license, altered or obliterated mark of identification, flight to avoid apprehension or trial or punishment, recklessly endangering another person, and disorderly conduct. 

The defendant filed a motion to suppress. At the suppression hearing, the police testified to the above facts, and there was also a stipulation that one of the officers would also have testified that she saw the handgun fall from the defendant’s lap as he got out of the car before he took off running. At the conclusion of the hearing, the suppression court granted the defendant’s motion to suppress. The suppression court held that the officers had illegally seized the defendant for purposes of the Fourth Amendment. Specifically, the suppression court held that the initial encounter between the officer and the defendant was a mere encounter. However, when the officers asked the defendant to exit the vehicle it evolved into an investigative detention and a reasonable person would not have felt that were free to leave. However, this detention was not legally justified because it did not derive from a traffic stop or any unlawful or suspicious activity. The suppression court concluded that the defendant had been seized solely because he was in a “high crime area,” and this was not legally sufficient to justify the officers’ seizure of him. 

The Commonwealth then filed a timely appeal. On appeal, the Commonwealth raised two issues: 1) that the suppression court erred when it concluded that the officers lacked legal authority to order the defendant to exit the vehicle and 2) that the initial interaction between the officers was a mere encounter that evolved into a lawful legal stop that was supported by reasonable suspicion and probable cause.   

The Pennsylvania Superior Court’s Decision  

The Pennsylvania Superior Court affirmed the trial court’s order granting the defendant’s motion to suppress. The Superior Court agreed that the initial encounter between the defendant and the police was a mere encounter. However, this stop then evolved into an unlawful detention. The Superior Court highlighted the fact that the officers stood on each side of the vehicle and that they requested that the defendant and the driver leave the vehicle (while their identifications remained in police possession). According to the Superior Court, this “restrained [the defendant’s] liberty of movement.” Further, the act of ordering them out of the vehicle (despite not having any outstanding warrants), would signal to a reasonable person that they were not free to leave. 

Further, the Superior Court found that the officers lacked reasonable suspicion to conclude that the defendant was involved any criminal activity. The mere fact that the defendant was in an area with an on-going open-air drug dealing problem was not enough to conclude that the defendant was involved in said activity. As such, the Superior Court agreed with the suppression court that the defendant had been unlawfully seized, and therefore, the Commonwealth will not be able to use the gun against him at his trial. 

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